استنتاج ما حدث: must have وcan’t have وmight have

أمثلة

1. They must have left before the storm started.

   لا بد أنهم غادروا قبل بدء العاصفة.

2. She cannot have seen the sign; it was covered.

   يستحيل أنها رأت اللافتة، فقد كانت مغطاة.

3. The letter might have gone to the old address.

   ربما ذهبت الرسالة إلى العنوان القديم.

4. You should have told me before you signed it.

   كان عليك إخباري قبل أن توقّع.

أخطاء شائعة

• ✗خطأ: He must not have known about the meeting.

  ✓صحيح: He cannot have known about the meeting.

  النفي الواثق لـ must have هو cannot have لا must not have.

• ✗خطأ: She must knew about it.

  ✓صحيح: She must have known about it.

  لا يتبع الفعلَ الناقص فعلٌ ماضٍ، بل have مع التصريف الثالث.

• ✗خطأ: You must have rung me; I was worried.

  ✓صحيح: You should have rung me; I was worried.

  must have تستنتج، وshould have تنتقد ما لم يُفعل.

تمارين محلولة

حاول أن تجيب بنفسك أولًا، ثم افتح «اعرض الإجابة» لترى الحل وسببه.

1. ١اختر الجملة الصحيحة.

   1. أThe window is broken, so somebody must forced it.
   2. بThe window is broken, so somebody should have forced it.
   3. جThe window is broken, so somebody must not have forced it.
   4. دThe window is broken, so somebody must have forced it.
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: د The window is broken, so somebody must have forced it.

   دليل حاضر واستنتاج عن الماضي: must have + التصريف الثالث.

2. ٢اختر الجملة الصحيحة.

   1. أShe cannot have written this; the handwriting is different.
   2. بShe could not write this; the handwriting is different.
   3. جShe must not have written this; the handwriting is different.
   4. دShe might not write this; the handwriting is different.
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: أ She cannot have written this; the handwriting is different.

   النفي الواثق لحدث ماضٍ يأخذ cannot have.

3. ٣اختر الجملة الصحيحة.

   1. أIt might be the wind last night.
   2. بIt might have been the wind.
   3. جIt might had been the wind.
   4. دIt may been the wind.
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: ب It might have been the wind.

   احتمال مفتوح عن الماضي: might have + التصريف الثالث.

4. ٤أكمل الفراغ.

   Nobody answered, so they _____ out.

   1. أshould have been
   2. بmust have been
   3. جmust be
   4. دmust have been being
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: ب Nobody answered, so they must have been out.

   استنتاج عن حال ماضية.

5. ٥أكمل الفراغ.

   He _____ the email; it went to his spam folder.

   1. أcannot see
   2. بmay not have seen
   3. جmay not see
   4. دmust not have saw
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: ب He may not have seen the email; it went to his spam folder.

   نفي غير مؤكد عن الماضي.

6. ٦أكمل الفراغ.

   You _____ me. I waited two hours.

   1. أcould have phoned
   2. بcould have phone
   3. جcan have phoned
   4. دcould phone
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: أ You could have phoned me. I waited two hours.

   could have + التصريف الثالث تنتقد فعلًا لم يقع.

7. ٧أكمل الفراغ.

   The keys are in the door, so she _____ home.

   1. أmust have come
   2. بcannot have come
   3. جmight come
   4. دmust come
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: أ The keys are in the door, so she must have come home.

   دليل مادي يدعم استنتاجًا واثقًا.

8. ٨أكمل الفراغ.

   It _____ easy, but nobody ever said so.

   1. أmust not be
   2. بmight not be
   3. جcould not be
   4. دcannot have been
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: د It cannot have been easy, but nobody ever said so.

   استنتاج نافٍ واثق عن الماضي.

9. ٩هذه الجملة خاطئة. اختر التصحيح.

   أي جملة خاطئة؟

   1. أThey may not have received it.
   2. بThey cannot have received it.
   3. جThey might not have received it.
   4. دThey must not have received it.
   اعرض الإجابة

   الإجابة: د They must not have received it.

   لا تُستخدم must not have للنفي الاستنتاجي الواثق.

10. ١٠هذه الجملة خاطئة. اختر التصحيح.

    أي جملة خاطئة؟

    1. أI must have known that at the time.
    2. بI should have known that, but I did not.
    3. جI could have known that if I had asked.
    4. دI should have known that yesterday, so I did.
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: د I should have known that yesterday, so I did.

    should have تعني دائمًا أن الأمر لم يقع.