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قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية

which للفكرة كلها وwhereby وat which point

Which for the whole idea, whereby and at which point

C1 · متقدم ربط الجمل الأسئلة ١٠

القاعدة

قد تعلّق جملة الصلة على جملة كاملة لا على اسم فقط: He arrived late, which annoyed everyone، ولا يصلح لذلك إلا which. وتبني الكتابة الرسمية روابط منطقية من which مع حرف جر: whereby وin which case وat which point وby which time وas a result of which وmost of whom. وwhat تعني "الشيء الذي"، وwhoever وwhatever وwhichever تعني أيًّا كان. وفي الكلام قد تبدأ الجملة بـ Which is why….

النمط

clause, which + verb … (comment on the whole clause) · whereby = by which · in which case / at which point / by which time / as a result of which · most / none / all of whom / which · what = the thing that · whoever / whatever / whichever

أمثلة

  1. The train was cancelled, which meant we missed the wedding.

    أُلغي القطار، مما يعني أننا فوّتنا حفل الزفاف.

  2. We may be late, in which case please start without us.

    قد نتأخر، وفي هذه الحالة ابدؤوا من دوننا من فضلكم.

  3. They introduced a scheme whereby staff can work from home.

    أدخلوا نظامًا يتيح للموظفين العمل من البيت.

  4. He talked for an hour, by which time half the audience had left.

    تحدث ساعة، وحينها كان نصف الحضور قد غادر.

أخطاء شائعة

  • خطأ: She passed the exam, what surprised everyone.

    صحيح: She passed the exam, which surprised everyone.

    للإشارة إلى جملة كاملة استخدم which.

  • خطأ: He was late, that annoyed me.

    صحيح: He was late, which annoyed me.

    لا تبدأ that جملة تعليق بعد فاصلة.

  • خطأ: It may snow, in what case we will stay home.

    صحيح: It may snow, in which case we will stay home.

    الرابط الثابت in which case.

تمارين محلولة

حاول أن تجيب بنفسك أولًا، ثم افتح «اعرض الإجابة» لترى الحل وسببه.

  1. ١اختر الجملة الصحيحة.

    1. He forgot her birthday, what upset her a lot.
    2. He forgot her birthday, it upset her a lot.
    3. He forgot her birthday, which upset her a lot.
    4. He forgot her birthday, that upset her a lot.
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: ج He forgot her birthday, which upset her a lot.

    which تعلّق على الجملة السابقة كلها.

  2. ٢اختر الجملة الصحيحة.

    إلامَ تشير which؟

    She resigned without notice, which surprised us all.

    1. The fact that she resigned without notice
    2. The notice she gave
    3. Her new job
    4. All of us
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: أ The fact that she resigned without notice

    which هنا تشير إلى الحدث كله.

  3. ٣أكمل الفراغ.

    The flight may be delayed, in _____ case we will book a hotel.

    1. what
    2. which
    3. that
    4. whose
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: ب The flight may be delayed, in which case we will book a hotel.

    الرابط الثابت in which case.

  4. ٤حوّل الجملة.

    اربط بـ which.

    The rent went up again. This forced us to move.

    1. The rent went up again, what forced us to move.
    2. The rent went up again, which forced us to move.
    3. The rent went up again, that forced us to move.
    4. The rent went up again, which it forced us to move.
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: ب The rent went up again, which forced us to move.

    which تحل محل this وتربط الجملتين.

  5. ٥اختر الجملة الصحيحة.

    ماذا تعني whereby هنا؟

    They agreed a system whereby each family pays what it can.

    1. where
    2. although
    3. by which
    4. unless
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: ج by which

    whereby = بموجبه، الذي بواسطته.

  6. ٦هذه الجملة خاطئة. اختر التصحيح.

    He spoke for two hours, at what point people started to leave.

    1. He spoke for two hours, at that point which people started to leave.
    2. He spoke for two hours, which point people started to leave.
    3. He spoke for two hours, in which point people started to leave.
    4. He spoke for two hours, at which point people started to leave.
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: د He spoke for two hours, at which point people started to leave.

    الرابط الثابت at which point.

  7. ٧رتّب الكلمات لتكوين جملة صحيحة.

    I arrived at ten by which time the shop had closed

    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: I arrived at ten by which time the shop had closed.

    by which time مع الماضي التام.

  8. ٨اختر الجملة الصحيحة.

    1. It what surprised me most was how calm she stayed.
    2. Which surprised me most was how calm she stayed.
    3. That surprised me most was how calm she stayed.
    4. What surprised me most was how calm she stayed.
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: د What surprised me most was how calm she stayed.

    what = الشيء الذي.

  9. ٩اختر الجملة الصحيحة.

    أي جملة تعني الشيء نفسه؟

    He may call, in which case tell him I’m out.

    1. If he calls, tell him I’m out.
    2. He will certainly call and I will be out.
    3. Tell him I’m out, whether he calls or not.
    4. In his case, I am out.
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: أ If he calls, tell him I’m out.

    in which case = إن حدث ذلك.

  10. ١٠أكمل الفراغ.

    أنت تكتب مقترحًا رسميًّا.

    We propose a scheme _____ volunteers are reimbursed for travel.

    1. whether
    2. whereas
    3. whereby
    4. wherever
    اعرض الإجابة

    الإجابة: ج We propose a scheme whereby volunteers are reimbursed for travel.

    whereby تقدّم طريقة عمل النظام.

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في التطبيق تصبح كل قاعدة تمارين تفاعلية: تصحيح فوري، ومراجعة في الوقت المناسب قبل أن تنسى، وتقدّم تراه من مستوى إلى آخر — مجانًا.

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