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Engelse grammatica

Zien, horen, vinden: werkwoorden van waarneming en oordeel

Seeing, hearing, finding: verbs of perception and judgement

C1 · Vergevorderd Werkwoorden en tijd Vragen 10

De regel

Na see, hear, watch, notice en feel kan een voorwerp gevolgd worden door een kale infinitief of een -ing-vorm, met verschil in betekenis: de kale infinitief geeft de hele handeling (I saw her cross the road), de -ing-vorm een deel ervan terwijl die bezig was. In de lijdende vorm wordt de kale infinitief to + infinitief: He was seen to leave, They were made to wait. Oordeelswerkwoorden als find en consider hebben een loos it nodig: I find it hard to concentrate.

Patroon

see / hear / watch + object + bare infinitive (whole action) · + -ing (in progress) · be seen / heard / made + to + infinitive (passive) · find / consider / think + it + adjective + to / that … · appreciate it if …

Voorbeelden

  1. I heard someone knock at the door, so I went down.

    Ik hoorde iemand op de deur kloppen, dus ik ging naar beneden.

  2. We watched the sun going down over the harbour.

    We keken hoe de zon onderging boven de haven.

  3. He was seen to leave the building shortly after midnight.

    Hij is kort na middernacht gezien toen hij het gebouw verliet.

  4. I find it hard to say no to my manager.

    Ik vind het moeilijk om nee te zeggen tegen mijn manager.

Veelgemaakte fouten

  • Fout: I find hard to concentrate in open offices.

    Goed: I find it hard to concentrate in open offices.

    find + it + bijvoeglijk naamwoord + to: it is verplicht.

  • Fout: She was seen leave the house.

    Goed: She was seen to leave the house.

    In de lijdende vorm wordt de kale infinitief to + infinitief.

  • Fout: They made him to wait outside.

    Goed: They made him wait outside.

    Actief make krijgt de kale infinitief.

Oefenvragen

Probeer elke vraag eerst zelf en open dan „Toon antwoord” voor de oplossing en de reden.

  1. 1Kies de juiste zin.

    Wat bedoelt de spreker?

    I saw him cross the road.

    1. She crossed the road with him.
    2. She did not see him at all.
    3. She saw only part of the crossing.
    4. She saw the whole crossing.
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: D She saw the whole crossing.

    voorwerp + kale infinitief = de hele handeling.

  2. 2Kies de juiste zin.

    Wat bedoelt de spreker?

    I saw him crossing the road.

    1. She saw the action in progress.
    2. She helped him to cross.
    3. She saw him finish crossing.
    4. She heard about it later.
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: A She saw the action in progress.

    voorwerp + -ing = de handeling terwijl die bezig was.

  3. 3Kies de juiste zin.

    1. I find it difficult to sleep when it is this hot.
    2. I find it difficult sleeping to when it is this hot.
    3. I find difficult to sleep when it is this hot.
    4. I find that difficult to sleep when it is this hot.
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: A I find it difficult to sleep when it is this hot.

    find + it + bijvoeglijk naamwoord + to-infinitief.

  4. 4Vul het gat in.

    He was made _____ for two hours before anyone saw him.

    1. wait
    2. waited
    3. to wait
    4. waiting
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: C He was made to wait for two hours before anyone saw him.

    Passief make: be made to + infinitief.

  5. 5Deze zin klopt niet. Kies de verbetering.

    The suspect was seen enter the bank at noon.

    1. The suspect was seen to enter the bank at noon.
    2. The suspect seen to enter the bank at noon.
    3. The suspect was seen entered the bank at noon.
    4. The suspect was seen to entering the bank at noon.
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: A The suspect was seen to enter the bank at noon.

    Passief waarnemingswerkwoord: be seen to + infinitief.

  6. 6Verander de zin.

    Zet het in de lijdende vorm.

    Witnesses heard him shout at the referee.

    1. He was hearing to shout at the referee.
    2. He heard to shout at the referee.
    3. He was heard to shout at the referee.
    4. He was heard shout at the referee.
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: C He was heard to shout at the referee.

    Actief hear somebody do wordt passief be heard to do.

  7. 7Kies de juiste zin.

    1. We consider it essentially that everyone attends.
    2. We consider it essential that everyone attends.
    3. We consider that it essential everyone attends.
    4. We consider essential that everyone attends.
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: B We consider it essential that everyone attends.

    consider + it + bijvoeglijk naamwoord + that-zin.

  8. 8Zet de woorden in de juiste volgorde.

    I felt something crawl up my arm

    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: I felt something crawl up my arm.

    voorwerp + kale infinitief: de hele beweging werd gevoeld.

  9. 9Vul het gat in.

    U beschrijft wat u vanuit een raam zag.

    I noticed a man _____ the car door, so I called the police.

    1. trying
    2. tried
    3. try to
    4. to try
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: A I noticed a man trying the car door, so I called the police.

    voorwerp + -ing: de handeling was bezig toen u het zag.

  10. 10Kies de juiste zin.

    Welke zin betekent hetzelfde?

    They consider him the best candidate.

    1. They are considering becoming candidates.
    2. They think he is the best candidate.
    3. They asked him to be the candidate.
    4. He considers them the best candidates.
    Toon antwoord

    Antwoord: B They think he is the best candidate.

    consider + voorwerp + zelfstandig naamwoord = vinden dat iemand … is.

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